Color-coded elements Color scale elements are divided into objective color scale elements (parts measured by densitometers or other equipment) and subjective color scale elements (estimated by the human eye), but not all color scales contain all of these elements. The general color scale contains the following contents. (1) Objective elements 10% tone / highlight Highlight refers to halftone dots with dots between 1% and about 20%. These are color patches with uniform density, which are printed with cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks. These chromaticity values ​​are visually It is useful to evaluate the plate-making process, as over-sensitization of the positive plate will "shrink" or make these small dots lost. These color patches can also be used to measure the value of high-gloss dots when the machine is running. Some color standards even contain 3% to 5% Outlets. 25% tone / quarter tone These uniform color patches contain a dot value of 25%, and a more accurate quarter tone range between 20% and 40%. They are usually printed in cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, and sometimes red, green, and blue. Overprint printing, sometimes with three-color and four-color gray balance element printing. 50% chroma / midtone These uniform color patches contain a halftone value of 50%, and the more accurate halftone range is between 40% and 60%. They are usually printed in cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, and sometimes printed in red, green, and blue overlays. , And sometimes printed with three-color and four-color gray balance elements. Midtones are very important for people to evaluate the quality of images. 75% chroma / three-quarter tone The three-quarter adjustment value is very important to ensure that the chroma is clear and vivid in a specific printing process. For example, in newspaper printing, using 85% chromaticity will not produce printing contrast, because this chromaticity value is usually printed in solid, so 65% or 70% chromaticity value is sufficient when printing newspapers. When choosing chromaticity values ​​for printing contrast, a critical three-quarter chromaticity value that maintains vivid colors under good printing conditions and will block under bad printing conditions should be determined. Dark tone The dark tone contains a half-tone halftone dot with a chromaticity value of about 85% or a uniform color patch up to 95% and 98%. This chromaticity value provides a basis for the visual plate-making process, as overexposed plates will fill or block their empty areas. These objects can be used to measure the dots of the image copied in the dark and dark areas of the image. Some color code manufacturers stack both highlight and dark tone dots on a single color mark to facilitate rapid detection of extreme half-tone tone dot reproduction. Monochrome field Each solid patch of primary color can be used to measure solid ink density, calculate dot expansion and print contrast. Measurement of these color patches can also be used to estimate primary color chromaticity errors and gray balance, which is very helpful for the determination of printing process characteristics. Two-color overprint The two-color overprint field can be used to measure the accuracy and gray balance of the green, red, and blue overprint colors of register printing. Three-color overprint The three-color overprint chroma is composed of equal parts of yellow, magenta, and cyan dots. It is often used to detect color balance, and it can print a brownish color against the gray balance color block. The three-color overprint field can be used to objectively measure the type of field density printed by the three colors on the printing press. Overprinting objects in the field also allows subjective and objective measurement of the accuracy of overprinting of the third color based on the first two colors that have been overprinted. Four-color black label Total dot area coverage refers to total area coverage (TAC), and these values ​​are used to estimate the total density after overprinting. SWOP stipulates that the total value of half-tones in the dark part of the color separation process cannot exceed 300% (remember: 400% produced by the solid part in all four-color printing is the maximum value); the color code required in the publishing field Often includes color patches with a total dot area of ​​300%. Generally, the tone combination of this object requires about 79% cyan, 68% quality, 68% yellow and 85% black. In contrast, the SNAP specification for Non-H ea t A d ve r tis in g P r in ting (no thermal advertising printing) stipulates that the total dot area should not exceed 260%. In the dark tone area of ​​SNAP, the chromaticity value of color separation is usually 70% to 80% of cyan, 70% to 80% of the product, 70% to 80% of yellow and 20% to 50% of black. The four-color black marker can be used to measure the above-mentioned total dot area. At the same time, it also takes into account the factors of registration change at this point on the tone curve. Sometimes, in the specification that the total dot area is also used in the actual image part, these color patches are also used for background color removal. In order to obtain this maximum value, color separation operators often use the color separation method of background color removal to reduce the half-tone dot value, and remove the color half-tone dot value from the dark tone overprint area without affecting the visual effect of the shadow area . Color Balance Hexagon The color balance hexagon developed by B runner (Bruner) Systems is used to describe the elements of color balance conversion. The hexagon contains gray-balanced color patches that are overprinted with 50% cyan, 41% product, and 41% yellow half-tone tones, indicating that the three printing primary colors have smaller dot expansions (including unevenness) during color conversion The expansion of its outlets). Using a density meter to measure the hexagon, and through special software processing, it can display the dot expansion value of the three printing primary colors. (2) Subjective elements Gray balance The gray balance element refers to the color patch that tends to be neutral gray produced by the overprint of cyan magenta half-tone tones. The color scale block is used to print black with the same chroma value, and the degree of change in gray balance can be quickly visually estimated. As the dot expansion, double shadow, reprint, or overprinting will cause changes in the three primary colors, this change can be expressed by the conversion between neutral gray and reddish, bluish, yellowish gray or color. The gray-balanced color patches contained in the color scale include various parts of the tone reproduction curve, and have a quarter tone, a middle tone, and a three-quarter tone. Visual estimation of dot expansion, blur and ghosting Expand the ladder according to the dots of GATF, and divide the 200 lines per inch of the background color of the screen into ten levels with half-order dot adjustment values. The screen background color of these levels adopts a uniform 65 lines per inch, and the numbers from 0 to 9 are used to represent the ten levels. During the printing process, some numbers will be darker than the background and some will be lighter than the background. Since the difference in density is small, the density value corresponding to one of the numbers will be the same as the background, and the human eye will not be able to detect it. This value shows the relative size of dot expansion or dot loss. A higher value indicates a higher dot expansion, while a lower value indicates a dot loss. According to Roch es te r In s titu te of Technology (Rochester Institute of Technology) literature, RIT Bull's Eye Target is designed specifically to check for changes in dot area, double shadow, and blur. This color scale is printed in only one color. The color scale blocks form a concentric ring shape. The outer ring is the thinnest and deeper inwards. The thickness of the outermost layer is related to the screen line of 200 lines per inch The thickness of the inner layer is related to the screen scribing of 65 lines per inch. The expansion of dots and the loss of dots are indicated by changes in the apparent weight of the printed color scale blocks. Expanding the dots will make the peripheral part of the color scale block darker than the center part; extreme dots expansion will cause the outer ring to melt. The loss of dots will make the peripheral part of the color block thinner, and will disappear in extreme cases. Eye of B u ll shows the expansion of the dots in the same direction for two relative blackness, that is, ghosting. The degree of blackening relatively indicates the degree of ghosting. The appearance of black horizontal stripes in Bu ll's Eye color patch indicates that blurring has occurred. The GATF data points out that the measurement color scale of the blur phenomenon is composed of a thin line screen with horizontal lines, in which there is a SLUR word. The background is the same thin line screen, but the lines are vertical. Because the vertical and horizontal lines have the same number of strokes, the word SLUR cannot be seen with the eyes. Ghosting is directional, or it will increase the background density and lighten the word SLUR, or it will increase the density of the word SLUR and lighten the background. Either way, the words will appear. Star r Targe ts (star color patches) allow the operator to distinguish between dot expansion, ghosting and blurring. Star r Targets consist of thick lines emanating from a transparent circle. Among these lines, the innermost point is related to the screen of 200 lines per inch, and the outermost point is related to the screen of 65 lines per inch. The number of other screen lines between 65 and 200 lines per inch is represented by these thick lines. When the dot expansion occurs, the middle dot becomes large and round. The larger the size of the middle circle, the more serious the dot expansion. When the number 8 appears on the color patch, it indicates that a reprint failure has occurred; when an elongated oval point is formed on the color patch, ghosting occurs, and the direction of the stretch and the direction of the ghost have a certain clip angle. FOGRA E lem en t D and Gre tag C ircu la r E le-m ents are also other ghost-like color patches of the same principle, but with the opposite design. Mechanical network expansion GATF has developed a mechanical dot expansion scale II color scale block that can be used for visual inspection of mechanical half-order dot size changes. According to reports, the color scale block shows seven cases of actual dot size increase: 2%, 5%, 8%, 11%, 4%, 17% and 20%. This color patch can be used to visually estimate the expansion of mechanical dots: place a dot of known radius on the film, And close to a specific line. When the dots touch a specific line after film contact, plate making, or printing, the tester knows that the dots have actually increased by the scale indicated by the scale (for example, if 11% of the color patches touch the line, a 40 % Outlets have been increased to 51% outlets). Although not very accurate, such elements can provide a basis for problems in plate making or printing, and can be estimated using a small magnifying glass. Continuous tone ladder Some color scales include continuous tone scales, which are used to estimate the exposure and development of the printing plate. Gretag has produced such a color scale: it includes ladders composed of vertical continuous cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bands, and the density values ​​of the ladders include 1.5, 1.2, 0.9, and 0.6. The operator can observe which density value disappears and which density value exists to judge and control the exposure of the printing plate. GCA / GATF P roo f C om pa ra to r (Proofing comparator) Contains some other illustrated elements, which are composed of various hard-to-copy colors such as flesh tones, a series of sensitive chalk colors and neutral gray, and also contain a series of highlights, middle tones and shadow tones. In this way, subtle changes in color can be easily detected without special training and special equipment.
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