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Children should not pay for the ethical issues of early childhood robots
In 1959, Engelberg developed the world's first industrial robot at Unimation. After 60 years, the robot penetrated into all aspects of people's work and life. In fact, in the history of robot development, educational robots carry people's attention and expectation for future robotics. From the perspective of the global market, since 2011, the global educational robot market has grown in size year by year, and the market scale has generally increased steadily.
2011-2017 global education robot market size and growth rate
Where there are potential users, there is a market. With the “second child†policy dividend appearing, “AI+Early Education†has become a market that companies such as Keda Xunfei and Cheetah are competing for. The children’s robots have the advantages of training children’s learning ability, helping children to cultivate their interest in learning, and developing their potential. The speed is even faster.
Most people think they are right. With the post-80s becoming the main force of social construction, based on busy work and the inconsistency of the concept of parenting of the previous generation, more young people feel that children's robots have become a tool that can largely replace their companionship.
Smart addition, peer blessing, the wave of early education robots waved a wave higher. Most companies use "sense is justice", "24-hour escort", "education and fun" as a selling point, and even "children's robots are the best companion for children", "a robot replaces children aged 0 to 12 years old." "The slogan." For example, Cheetah released nearly 10,000 children to accompany the robot Leopard Leopard, which is called “really into the family†and “tailored for childrenâ€; Xiaohui Children’s Robot said that it can “smart teaching + intelligent companion + smart lifeâ€.
In fact, most people are wrong. Re-realistic children's voice, and a rich knowledge database, human-computer interaction can not replace the socialization process of human beings. Socialization is a process of transformation from a natural person to a social person. Everyone must be socialized in order to internalize their own social behavior norms and norms into their own standards of conduct. This is the basis of social interaction. Children can only gradually develop their own independent cognition in the process of contact with natural persons and society, which is impossible for early education robots to carry.
Children's Robot and the Battle of Social Ethics
Children's escort robots are used in real life as a high-tech product equipped with artificial intelligence, as Don Eide once said: "In the high-tech institutions of today's life world, the proliferation of possibilities is diverse. Diverse and stable, usually dazzling and dangerous."
According to Ke Ming, an analyst with intelligent relativity (ID: aixdlun), from the perspective of socialization and AI ethics, there are still many problems in early education robots. As a crucial period for the formation of autonomy, childhood robots cannot be used in their application. There are machine ethical issues to avoid.
1. The illusion of life of the robot
The illusion of robot animacy refers to the creation of anthropomorphic powerlessness, society, and relationships in the process of interacting with robots. Children may think that this is "real" rather than illusory.
Child development psychology believes that preschoolers develop cognitive skills such as descriptions, explanations, and expectations of other people's behaviors: when a child is 18 months, he begins to understand a person's intentional life entity; at 3 years old In order to understand the degree of relevance and causality between people's thinking, emotions and behaviors, this understanding lays the foundation for children's ability to think and understand; even until the age of 4, some children's psychological cognition remains Not fully developed and mature, unable to fully understand the thinking of others.
Because children's robots have important anthropomorphic features such as voice and action, children can be put into the environment. Robots can form anthropomorphic existence with visual, auditory and tactile sensations, and constitute a certain vitality illusion for children. Children often regard robots as living individuals and think that they have thoughts and pains and are friends.
Obviously, it is immoral to regard robots as a life. The "friendship" based on the illusion of life does not encourage individuals to cultivate "empathy". There is no giving and bearing between robots and individuals. This kind of relationship can not exercise children's empathy and friendship.
2. Suffering from the risk of non-safe attachment
According to children's attachment theory, all animals, including humans, have the first weather quality that affects development, which makes children have emotional attachment relationships with their caregivers during their growth. If a child does not form an intimate attachment relationship with the caregiver before the age of 2, it will affect the child's socialization process and personality development.
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth's parent-child attachment experiment shows that children's attachment methods are mainly classified into safe, avoidant, contradictory and chaotic. Most of the children's attachment styles are safe, that is, they can explore the environment independently in the context of their mother's companionship, and they will be upset when their mother leaves.
In the process of accompanying children's robots, the robot interacts with children through touch, speech recognition, language interaction, face recognition, tracking and positioning, eye catching, etc., forming a “familiar feeling†for children, thus replacing mother companion to some extent. .
However, when children and robots coexist for a long time and form certain beliefs, they may form an unsafe attachment relationship to the robot, and then suffer from a pathological attachment disorder (ie, the child will pass on the mother's attachment to the robot). In fact, this attachment is not safe, and every child needs a tailored intimate communication method, which only parents can give.
3. "Original children" in the machine age
It is true that computerization has simplified many children's learning methods. Digitalization and intelligence have become the main selling points of children's robots, but at the same time, children's social interactions have been continuously reduced. In fact, the group learning process plays a vital role in cognitive development, and social interaction is an essential factor in children's cognitive development. The famous Soviet psychologist Vygotsky believes that in the cognitive development of children aged 6-7, their "private speech" will be completely internalized, while older children can think logically because they get from society. Adult speaking style and realistic performance.
However, when the children's robots accompany the parents and other people to accompany them, the opportunities for the children to communicate with the social people are reduced or even overwhelmed. The children's interaction with the people becomes a machine interaction with the "personification", the process of socialization Among them, children almost become "primitive children" under the machine, which may erode the foundation of social relations, and there is the possibility of cutting the relationship between individuals and other social relationships.
In addition, the structural nature of the robot itself is still a challenge for children's health. Based on the "ipad+camera" problem that is currently criticized by people, the electronic screen has a non-negligible influence on children's glasses. Studies have shown that humans usually blink 16 times to 20 times per minute, but the number of electronic screens will be reduced by 6-8 times, which is undoubtedly dangerous for children's vision protection. In addition, problems such as microwave radiation, privacy violations, and "objectification" of care are still "social pains" that children's robots cannot solve.
Where is the road to "de-ethicalization"?
The ethical threats to children's robots have been addressed above. And how to win in the battle of "de-ethicalization"? Intelligent relativity (ID: aixdlun) analyst Ke Ming believes that, apart from the current artificial intelligence problem, enterprises still have a lot of "development" and technology for children's robots.
1. Technology is born, ethical
The idea that technology systems and equipment can embody value has been ingrained in various research methods of technology, society and humanity. Improving the value sensitivity of children's robots can be one of the current research and development priorities. Value sensitivity is to embed human values ​​into the design of machine technology, embedding ethical values ​​into the early development of robots, to avoid the negative effects of technical man-made, in order to meet the human value requirements.
For example, if children's growth, social, psychological status and other moral values ​​can be placed into the robot design, breaking the ethical barriers of the machine itself, and ensuring the healthy growth of children, using the design of the program to avoid ethical anomie, this will Greatly reduce ethical risks.
2. "Human-machine linkage" is the optimal solution for children's education
So can children's robots only be abandoned? Actually it is not. From the current market perspective, children's robots have a variety of functions such as companionship, knowledge, and surveillance. Their knowledge learning speed is also increasing, and they can basically meet the cognitive needs of children. Therefore, timely knowledge with children's robots is an excellent choice. At the same time, only by linking people and machines to form a human-machine linkage effect of “parental care + robot counseling†can we fully realize the advantages of interaction and machine complementation in the process of human socialization.
For example, a child robot can act as a parent's "second eye" in daily life. The ibotn child robot can use genetic algorithms to identify the target image and follow the care target. When the escort target is out of sight or a stranger is close, it will send an alarm. To the guardian. This greatly increases the convenience of parental support.
3. "Community" or become a child robot breakout path
From the perspective of current market products, children's robots do not involve the field of community building. How much children's robots are carried out in a closed field—that is, each family uses them individually for child care. As mentioned earlier, children's robots reduce children's socialization time, leading to a series of social ethical issues such as their illusion of life.
“Community†seems to provide a “heart-saving pill†for this phenomenon. From online community maintenance to offline activities, the community connects children to children, allowing parents to interact with parents, parents, and children. Whether it’s children’s self-interaction or parents sharing parenting experiences, “community†is The family has come out of a “captive companion†to provide a new path. Of course, the path of "communityization" can't go, and it can't go fast, and it has to be tested by the market.
All in all, there is still a long way to go before the social ethical issues of children's robots. How to break through technical barriers and overcome ethical issues requires time to explore.
Of course, don't forget that the one who teaches children "mother, wash your feet." is not a children's robot, it is always human.
The article is reproduced from the billion-European network and represents only the author's personal views.