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Mountain outdoor sports refer to the forms of outdoor sports such as mountains, hills, canyons and other natural resources under the altitude of 3500m.
The information society has brought more and more leisure time to people. Leisure has become an important part of people's lives. Therefore, more and more people participate in outdoor activities such as hiking, hiking, driving, cycling and skiing. Mountain climbing activities such as rock climbing and ice climbing have been favored by experienced people. Those who have just come into contact with outdoor life, at first, only consider what equipment they must prepare to meet the needs of the event. Many people do not even know what the function of the equipment is and what they can bring.
Nowadays, security issues are also getting more and more attention from participants. Reports of related outdoor accidents are also published from time to time, and many accidents originate from mountain activities. This shows that outdoor safety awareness must be taken seriously. 
ã€case analysis】
Case 1
In 2006, during the "May 1st", an old donkey on a website launched a sand-breaking self-help tour. This team of less than 20 people travelled from Xiangsha Bay to Qixing Lake around 3pm on May 3th. The female donkey suddenly suffered from heat stroke symptoms. People with no medical experience at the time can only take temporary measures. Artificial respiration maintains its life. Due to the lack of timely treatment, the donkey friend died.
Comment: This case originally did not have any end result, mainly because the location of the sick and the rescuers did not meet in time, and the rescue was not timely. 
Case 2
At 11:50 pm on March 21st, 2009, an accident occurred in the Zushan area of ​​Qinhuangdao. The more than 100 netizens spontaneously organized by ALICE entered the unopened scenic area, some of whom were at the steeple (unopened) slide. He slipped out of control and was thrown out of the slide. The accident killed three people and injured five others.
Comment: The case was due to the fact that the main leader was out of line with the team members, so that when the team members did not have open, safe and unprotected ziplines in the area they met, they were not controlled, hurriedly strops, and personnel were stacked and collided. Big.
Case 3
On June 13th, 2009, a young couple suffered a lightning strike and fell to death on the cliff when he climbed over the “hawk fly backwardsâ€.
Commentary: Jiankou Yingfei’s backlit lightning is often there, and the couple are not familiar with the geographical characteristics and climate characteristics of the Jiankou. I don’t know if the first person is struck by lightning after the first person is struck by lightning. Individuals can't go hand in hand, and both are struck by lightning. 
Case 4
In June 2010, a team in Beijing organized a group of people to go to the ancient Xiete Road in the Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang. When two women crossed the river, they were washed away by the dark currents of the river and died. . . At one point caused a sensation in the domestic outdoor circle.
Comment: When crossing the river in the rush of rivers, we must build a strong rope and tighten the ropes. We should also hang a safety lock on the rope at the waist to pass it safely. In this case, when the team leader ignored the dangers that the river might bring, he dared to cross the river and even resorted to unstable ropes. The bottom of the river was uneven, and the physical and skill of the two female players did not work, resulting in the team being In the event of a river accident, the leader’s responsibility cannot escape. 
Case 5
At about 9:30 am on February 25th, 2012, a team from Henan province crashed into a gully of about 60 meters on the 207 national highway in Jincheng District of Shanxi Province on a chartered road to Daobao River in Shanxi, causing death on the spot. 10 people, more than 10 serious traffic accidents.
Comment: The accident was shocking and the cause of the accident was entirely due to the unfamiliar driver's road conditions, illegal overtaking, speeding, and lack of driving skills. 
Case 6
At about 13:00 on March 3, 2012, a club organized more than 20 ski enthusiasts to experience an avalanche at Dabingdingzi Mountain, Wuchang City, Heilongjiang. In the accident, a skier with the number “007†was buried and disappeared. Confirm death.
Comment: There are two mistakes in this accident. First, the time spent on exploring the road and the actual activity time differs by more than two months. Seasonal reasons make the snow begin to melt and spring up, which is bound to cause the snow-capped mountains to loosen. Continue to go skiing, will increase the viscosity of the destruction of the snow body, resulting in an avalanche, which is the case of the organizers of the local mountain and avalanche ignorance of the accident. On the other hand, in order to pursue and develop tourism projects, the local forest management bureau did not do scientific feasibility studies, risk preplans did not, and emergency rescue did not, resulting in rescue assistance after the accident, not timely. 
Case 7
On December 22, 2012, 30 Beijing donkeys encountered snowstorms while climbing the Lingshan Mountain (the main peak elevation of 2303) at the junction of Beijing and Hebei, and 2 people died of cold.
Analysis: Complete accidents caused by low-level mistakes. The two people killed were old donkeys and team leader figures. Under extreme weather conditions, the team leader agreed to challenge the summit. There is nothing wrong with this, but at least the equipment should not leave his side. Finally, he could not find his own backpack, resulting in loss of temperature. In addition, the leader should stay. The next person waits to bring the team down, which means that there is no like taking the team. The other team members will pack two people down the hill, the team leader should have a sense of safety, discovered that it should be served uphill in time, indicating that the team management is chaotic and the responsibility of the leader cannot be shirked. 
Case 8
On November 28, 2014, the domestic climbers Liu Zhixiong and Hu Jiaping successfully climbed the summit of the famous sister peak of the technical peaks. After an accident occurred on the way down, the two died and caused a shock in the domestic mountaineering community.
Comments: Very sorry and sad, the two are the best in the technical mountaineering community, challenged the new line to climb to the top, and slipped down to cause accidents during the descent. This tells us that one reason is that it is easy to go down the mountain, and indeed it is, especially in high-altitude mountaineering, the increase in the ratio of drawdown should also be noted. The analysis of the specific accident should be the accident caused by the slide. 
On October 9, 2014, the five donkeys collectively went online to explore the Hezhugou area and lost their way in the area. Among them, two ALICE and his teammates dispersed and succeeded in getting out of danger while the other three ALICE members were still missing. After discovering the missing body of Alice Viagra and the remains of Awu, Captain Li Jing disappeared.
Comment: Adventure is a kind of spirit, but it cannot go adventure exploration. First of all, we must understand the dangers and predicaments that may be encountered in the activity area. This accident means that in the case of difficulties, the team members have limited self-rescuing capability, lack of equipment, and the team is out of reach. Make the victims unable to overcome the difficulties caused. 
Case 10
On September 19th and 20th, 2015, camping in Zhongluo Grand Canyon, Polo Town, Yingde City, Guangdong Province, six members of two teams were reported missing and missing due to sudden flood.
Comment: This is another accident with a group of casualties. The underlying reason is that the organizers have poor awareness of risks and do not understand the risk management and response that the weather changes should have. As a result, many donkeys camped in the low-lying area of ​​the river without dissuading them. Without looking at the pictures, one can imagine that once the flood comes, how can we avoid it? 
The organizers have irresponsible responsibilities and the team members themselves do have a sense of security. In the above specific case, you can search for related keywords.
According to the above accident cases, we can from several aspects: 1, the organizer's ability and responsibility; 2, the player's quality and ability is low, poor safety awareness; 3, the government out of control; 4, other reasons; to analyze the accident What are the reasons?
[risk control]
In outdoor activities, the main cause of distress is that the organizers and the donkeys not only lack outdoor knowledge, lack their own abilities, and are ill-prepared. Some clubs only pursue interests and neglect safety. Some donkeys only rely on bloody and blind optimism. Scientific trips that go outdoors and don’t listen to advice are common problems in domestic donkey circles.
Its source mainly occurs in several ways: 1. Organizer or team leader; 2. Players themselves; 3. Objective conditions; 4. Others
Anyone who has participated in outdoor skills training knows that in many discussions on outdoor safety, more attention is focused on distress and self-help. In fact, if science and rational preparations are lacking, many hidden dangers will be buried for travel. So, what should we do to prevent and prevent accidents?
The following are some principles that we have summarized based on the cases and lessons learned.
I. Risk assessment of activity design
A good activity, a safe activity, should reflect some necessary elements from the design.
When designing activities, it is necessary to consider whether the activity route can be implemented, according to the seasonal climate conditions of the activity area, the degree of difficulty of mountain activities, whether the traffic to and from the active area is fluent and other factors, to configure the leader group, equipment, select players and the number of . There are many clubs in the organization of activities, the blind pursuit of the number of people to improve economic efficiency, ignoring the risk of security, is bound to cause security risks, such cases in the 1 to 3 days of ordinary mountaineering, trekking activities have appeared in many.
Within the scope of my contact, I knew that there was a team with 40 to 50 people. The team members couldn't descend. The team members used mild gas cans to warm up in the tent. There was a slight carbon monoxide poisoning phenomenon; there was a car for the parking space to fill up. On the team, whether or not there is equipment, do not know whether the players have outdoor capabilities, or even do not know that the team members are members of their own team, they go to the ice and snow playing team; team player ability, age structure, equipment are uneven, With such teams participating in mountainous activities that are relatively easy to maintain, shameless, lost, hurt, and lost temperature accidents often occur.
There are also some activities on the 1st, the team did not know where to go on the train, do not know who is the team leader, do not know what equipment is needed, this team is not a major accident, small accidents are inevitable.
Second, the implementation of risk management activities
1) Traffic: Whether the road leading to the active area of ​​the vehicle is unimpeded, whether there is any road blockage due to ice and snow, whether there is a landslide section, and whether the filling station is sufficient
2) Changes in the weather
3) Whether the team's equipment is configured as required
4) Is the room and food in the accommodation and accommodation properly contacted?
5) Does the safety and environmental protection of the campsite meet the requirements?
Third, the leader team quality and ability
The team leader is the core of the safe operation of outdoor activities. This core relates to the smooth arrival of the entire team to the activity site and the safe return. It makes everyone feel that the outdoor trip is happy and happy. This requires the team leader to fully possess some qualities and capabilities. Refers to the overall control, cohesion and leading ability of the leader team.
The annual Changbai Mountain field wear attracts many donkeys. Once I met a team in the Changbai Mountain camp in Jilin. There was a team player with no tents, no sleeping bags, and other equipment. It was rather physical, probably playing with their team leader. After several times, the team leader took him out of the team. At the camp, I discovered that this team had a roll of plastic sheeting. I was thiophene. Didn’t I meet the field survival expert “Bell Grials†and watched him finish? Tent, take a quilt from the wrapped bag. . Not to mention quilt for a while, I don't know if the team leader has equipment requirements or not. Outdoor gear is not required, but at least it must be a little reliable, what the equipment is, the equipment is to protect himself, and there is one player because there is no The sleeping bag sat quietly by the fire. This case shows that the team leader usually has a lack of team leader, especially the line like Changbai Mountain Wild, there is no back-up, no supplies, once the rain is wet, the night can not keep warm.
Fourth, the quality and ability of team members
The team members are the center of outdoor activities. The center must have outdoor ideas, qualities, self-running ability, and team spirit.
Outdoor philosophy and quality are related to the smoothness and happiness of your outdoor life. You should often browse some web pages to pay attention to learning and develop your own safety awareness. When choosing activities, you must carefully select the qualifications and abilities of the organizers. Many clubs do not have qualifications. Just a group, or just register a civil society organization. When you launch an event, there are no restrictions on the players involved. You can help yourself and more. For such a group of organizers, you need to consider safety first. Is this activity safe? Can you avoid unexpected events? What ability do I have in my own capacity?
This happened to me:
On a certain day of a certain month in a certain year, an outdoor organization in Harbin organized a trip to Erlang River in the winter months. The two members of my club participated in the event. After lunch, the team leader did not go through this route and did not tell the team members what food and equipment should be prepared. There was no GPS data. A dozen people took a mobile phone and entered the mountains. Covering the mountain forest, the result is lost when it's not enough. In this case, the normal way should be to return. This leader has a share of strength, and the east side is about to look west, until the big darkness has not gone out, then many The team members have no headlights, no food, and some players do not keep warm clothes. Many players are unfamiliar with each other. Some players already have fears, some members experience temperature loss, and some players are injured. The team members were carried out. . After a couple of hours of journeying, they walked for 19 hours until they arrived at 7:00am the next day. They must know that it is the Heilongjiang Mountains in the winter months of the twelfth lunar month. Water can be eaten without any physical heat. How to add? How to walk without lighting?
This case illustrates that the organizers and team leaders did not inform the team members what they should prepare for, and they blindly risked the implementation of the activities under the cold, with unshirkable responsibilities. The team members themselves have no outdoor experience, and some players do not even know about regular outdoor common sense (diet, lamps, warm clothes). Blindly following this will inevitably cause such accidents to occur.
This year I went to Guilin. The karst landscape in Guilin attracted many visitors. Many beautiful karst mountain landscapes were in the city. Some people tried to climb and tried to climb. Many times due to poor safety awareness and their own ability problems were hung up. Above, when my friends took me to play, I said that radio and television stations in Guilin often broadcast one or several people waiting for help in a certain place. We hope that when we don’t engage in outdoor activities, we will put safety first in the first place. And OK.
In the above, we have combined our case studies on the security of mountain activities. Security is no small matter, only to achieve safety, outdoor life is rich and colorful is happy and happy.
[Risk Management and Security Process]
Before the country does not have a complete security system or regulations, we can collect some provisions on outdoor security discussion, apply it to the club itself, establish its own security system and norms, or called security procedures, follow certain scientific Systematic principle, in order to guarantee the safe and smooth travel of the club (also applies to the soldier alone), this does not include external rescue and other items.
The specific content is generally:
1. Organizer (leader) duties
(1) The feasibility of activity design
When designing activities, according to time, place, season, nature, etc., to investigate and screen the feasibility of the line
For example, originally we would go to see the flowers, and as a result the flowering period passed, and that kind of activity would not be deliberately involved.
(2) Keep abreast of the climatic conditions to prevent the risks caused by weather changes.
For example, whether the necessary equipment needs to be added or not, and weather changes cannot meet the needs of the operation of the activity. From the perspective of security, it is necessary to change the form of activities or cancel activities.
(3) Prior to departure, it is necessary to inspect the technical equipment and living equipment of the team members, and to meet the equipment needed for the activities, they must make up for them, otherwise they may refuse to participate in the activities.
Changbai Mountain Case: Avoid the phenomenon of camping with quilts up front as described above. There are no headlights or lighting tools on the team.
(4) Conduct survey on the activity area and the environment to avoid accidents.
For example, in the case of locust infestation, in the northeastern region, after the Ching Ming period, a large number of locusts appeared. Therefore, if there is no team that injects the forest encephalitis vaccine, try not to allow the squad to be banned because every year, many people who come into the mountain are bitten. To a locust with a virus, the consequences could be disastrous.
(5) Preparation before departure will be based on the degree of difficulty of the event, with the players to confirm the final to see if the physical conditions of the players are not suitable for this event.
(6) Further communicate with the ground access, guidance, driver, accommodation and other aspects to ensure that the route can be implemented, the safety of vehicles and roads, and the hygiene of food and accommodation.
(7) In the distance, the team should carry out the transfer of outdoor skills and abilities, safety awareness, risk response and other knowledge, guide the team members to play a subjective initiative, and cooperate with the team to make the activity successful.
2. Risk Management and Response
(1) At the time of the event, the team members are told to keep valuables at all times, and if necessary, they can be stored and kept centrally to avoid disputes and conflicts caused by the loss of money and goods.
(2) The players who have suffered injuries during the activity should be dealt with promptly to avoid excessive damage.
(3) For players who appear to be fearful, they must use methods such as comfort, encouragement, praise, etc. to ease the psychological pressure of the players.
(4) When a risk accident occurs, the leader team must do everything possible to protect and guide the players to a safe area. After the event is over, they should pay more attention to the visit.
3. Risk aversion and retention
Some risks in outdoor activities can not be eliminated, such as: traffic accidents, mosquito bites, scratches and falls, equipment damage to try to shift or avoid risks, and control risks within an acceptable range.
(1) Insurance must
Participants must be forced to take out insurance every time they depart. When we are teaming up, we often encounter players who say that they have already had a year of insurance and do not want to set up the insurance required by the club. In this case, we have to patiently convince them of the advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it is not necessarily suitable for the players’ annual insurance. In this event, on the other hand, in the event of a casualty accident, the club’s compulsory insurance will avoid or mitigate the risks arising from the compensation, because part of the insurance liability is borne by the insurance company.
(2) Risk retention
For risks with low risk cost, probability of risk, and degree of loss, which are acceptable to both clubs and players, low-risk management strategies can be adopted, which are also called risk retention. For example: mosquito bites, colds, gastrointestinal diseases, minor bruises, etc., can be handled by the club or the player's kit. The risk of natural damage and accidental damage to equipment is also acceptable.
In the above, we reviewed the risks and safety in mountain activities. The risks in mountain activities are objective, complex, and uncertain, as well as measurable and latent. How to evaluate, control and manage these risks? It is our outdoor life that is more secure. It is a topic that is placed in front of every outdoor person. We need to think hard, control the risk to a minimum, and make the word of rescue not appear in the activity. It should be a perfect activity. 
Pioneer Forum: An Analysis of Outdoor Risk and Safety Awareness in Mountain Activities
Pioneer Mentor: Current Rubber