Author: Luo Qiao Instrument In addition to the material needs of daily life and the food and clothing that we can buy for our banknotes, in fact, the birth of each banknote records the history of that era, the design thinking, the progress of printing and anti-counterfeiting technology In this issue, we will take the title of "Birth of a Banknote" to show you the history, design ideas, printing technology and anti-counterfeiting knowledge of Hong Kong banknotes. Let us witness the "Birth of a Banknote" together. Banknote design witnesses historical evolution To elaborate on the story of banknotes, I believe it must be the first banknote issued in 1845. In 1845, the East Bank Huili Bank issued the first banknote. The early banknote had a large area, so it was called the "big cotton tire". At that time, the design of the banknote was quite simple. According to the model of issuing the bill, only the issuing bank The name, denomination, date of issuance and banknote number and other information. Interestingly, each bank note of that year was signed by the bank's general manager and chief accountant line by line and filled in with the date and number. In 1859, three of China ’s RBCs in Renton, India (later renamed as Favorable Banks) joined the ranks of note-issuing banks. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation opened in 1968 and issued notes in the same year. Today, HSBC accounts for about two-thirds of the existing Hong Kong dollar banknotes. In 1959, HSBC acquired a favorable bank. Banknote design entered a period of diversification between 1900 and 1958. Various banknotes were introduced, mainly using foreign classical characters to symbolize the prosperous economy of Hong Kong at that time, such as the use of Mochuli to represent business development, and the British goddess to represent the United Kingdom. In addition, the image with Chinese characteristics is also adopted as the design theme, such as the streets, waterfront and tea making situation in China. Since 1959, the design of banknotes has changed from colonial colors to original features, with Hong Kong landmarks and the logos of banks as their design elements. It was not until 1994 that the Bank of China issued banknotes for the first time, which evolved into a situation where three banknote issuing banks currently issue banknotes. In 1845, Dongfang Huili Bank (Hong Kong's first note-issuing bank) design In order to understand the design process of banknotes, the magazine invited Mr. Gu Zhengyan, senior manager of design and creation of the public affairs department of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, to be interviewed to discuss the design of banknotes. Mr. Gu is currently the only banknote designer born and raised in Hong Kong. In the past, Mr. Gu was mostly responsible for graphic design work such as bank books, annual reports, profitable pairs, and monthly calendars. This time, he is the first to design banknotes for Hong Kong. , The concept of design, and the shooting work are all undertaken by the secret task team (including colleagues in the design department) led by him. After more than two years and nearly three years of hard work, the banknotes of 100 and 500 yuan denominations have been in December 2003. Circulate in the Hong Kong market; and banknotes with denominations of 20, 50, and 1,000 yuan will be launched soon in the second half of this year. designing process Mr. Gu said that the design process of the banknotes begins with the guidelines set by the HKMA. When the HKMA plans to issue new banknotes, it will give the banknote issuing banks the color, size, anti-counterfeiting features, designated locations of the anti-counterfeiting features, etc. With clear guidelines, designers must follow these guidelines and add their own design ideas to "cook" new banknotes. Mr. Gu said that it took 9 months at the beginning of the design to search out the data, shoot, and then design three sets of five denominations of banknotes, which were based on the Hong Kong standard, bird and flower design sketches. After being selected by the bank ’s top management, the design that uses Hong Kong landmarks as banknotes has the most Hong Kong characteristics, so it is decided to use this as the title and then give it to Mr. Gu for careful modification. Making a plate in London Because banknote design is a secret task, Mr. Gu is solely responsible for all the processes, because the printing plate used to print HSBC banknotes is made by the Draru Company, the authority of London banknote making, so the banknote design was completed Afterwards, Mr. Gu had to go to London with the design blueprint twins to discuss engraving matters. During this period, Mr. Gu and all colleagues involved in the banknote making work used confidential letters and e-mails to contact him. After completion, it will be handed over to Hong Kong Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. for printing. Anti-counterfeiting design In addition to the anti-counterfeiting features set by the HKMA, Mr. Gu also put a lot of effort into designing some more difficult to counterfeit images, using the effect of Rainbow Color (rainbow color) and the design that uses more colors to mix into the background color to increase the forgery Difficulty. Mr. Gu Zhengyan said that in this design, the back of the banknote is composed of three sceneries, which are Tsing Yi Island, Tsing Ma Bridge, and the tug drawn by white lines, which are overlapped from far to near. To create a deep layered effect, in which the reverse highlight pattern is more complex and difficult to counterfeit; and in terms of color, Mr. Gu also took care to consider the background color of the banknote, although the HKMA specified the color of the banknote, and Most of these colors are composed of three colors. For example, the red color of "Red Shirt Fish" is composed of red mixed purple and dark gray; 500 yuan is composed of dark brown, light brown and blue, but the color The proportion and configuration are all determined by the designer. Mr. Gu uses more colors to mix into the background color, which is more difficult to counterfeit. In addition, Rainbow Color (rainbow color) is used. The gradient color effect, general printing technology is difficult to forge such a fine color change effect. Two and three things to design banknotes The process of designing banknotes is not easy. As far as design is concerned, because banknotes have regional symbolic significance, in addition to expressing local characteristics, they also need to integrate the characteristics of local culture. In conjunction with the representative Hong Kong landmarks, it precisely shows the characteristics of Hong Kong's integration of Chinese and Western cultures. Mr. Gu laughed even more. When he decided to use landmarks as the design theme, he started to arrange the shooting work, such as Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong Airport, etc., all of whom had to arrange photographers to shoot in the sky, but passenger transportation on 500 yuan denomination banknote If you want to enter the building, airport control tower, you need to apply for and explain the purpose of the shooting, but because the process of designing the banknotes needs to be highly confidential, I did not apply for the shooting in the end. Mr. Gu only collected many pictures from the Airport Authority ’s books Merged. print Hong Kong Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. flow chart for printing banknotes: 1. Banknote printing white paper: first prepare 100% cotton paper with anti-counterfeiting features. 2. Waterless offset printing: The background pattern of the banknote is printed simultaneously on both sides of the waterless offset printing technology. 3. Screen printing: Screen printing is a printing technology newly added in the printing process of banknotes in the past. The previous banknotes only used non-aqueous printing and gravure printing technology, but in order to make the color-changing silver code and pearlescent pattern more effective Therefore, screen printing technology is added to print color-changing ink and pearlescent ink. 4. Gravure printing: The remaining part of the banknote is printed using gravure technology. The purpose is to increase the feel of the banknote and increase the anti-counterfeiting capability. 5. Large-sheet inspection: After the basic printing process of the banknotes is completed, the original banknotes must be inspected. The banknote inspectors in the printing company have undergone rigorous training to easily detect printing defects and screen out bad problems. Pieces. 6. Number and colorless luminous ink printing: After the process of large-scale inspection, the number of the banknote and colorless luminous ink are printed. 7. Cutting: the printed part of a banknote. 8. Small sheet inspection: In order to ensure the quality of banknotes, after cutting into small sheets, it will be checked again. 9. Packaging: After the final quality check, the banknotes will be bundled into small stacks, which will be stored in the warehouse after packaging. 10. Destruction: The final step is to destroy the printed bad parts. After each production process, the banknotes will be stored in the warehouse and will be withdrawn by the issuing bank. When the issuing bank needs to issue banknotes, it must submit the relative amount to the HKMA at the exchange rate of 7.8 Hong Kong dollars to 1 US dollar in accordance with the law. US dollars, these dollars will be deposited in the Exchange Fund in exchange for a certificate of debt, as a bank note issued by the bank note support, after the above procedures, the banknotes can be officially circulated in the market. Anti-counterfeit features In 2003 and 2004, Hong Kong launched five different denominations of banknotes, namely two picks, five picks, one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars. In order to facilitate the public to identify the authenticity of the banknotes, the new banknotes have added more anti-counterfeiting features In addition, the same anti-counterfeiting features and colors are used more uniformly to enhance the uniformity of current banknotes in circulation; with regard to anti-counterfeiting features, we have invited the Chief Inspector of the Counterfeit Banknotes and Forged Documents Section of the Commercial Crime Bureau of the Hong Kong Police Force Mr. President, analyze the types of anti-counterfeiting features, the anti-counterfeiting features of current banknotes and provide us with some "tips" to identify the authenticity of banknotes. Chief Inspector Yu is currently affiliated with the Experts and Support Group of the Commercial Crime Investigation Section-Counterfeit Banknotes and Forged Documents Group. His main daily job is to identify suspected “true identitiesâ€. So, what is his anti-counterfeit feature and method of identification? Fingertips. Chief Inspector Yu said that the anti-counterfeiting features of banknotes can generally be divided into three aspects: paper, printing methods and ink. Anti-counterfeiting on paper The paper used for banknotes is different from general paper, and some anti-counterfeiting features on the banknotes are generated during the papermaking process, such as watermarks and security lines, so the anti-counterfeiting features are already included on the raw materials. Watermark The watermark is to use the thickness of the fiber on the banknote to form patterns with different light transmittance. The Chief Inspector Yu said that in general, the watermark is one of the more difficult anti-counterfeiting features, especially on the newly issued banknotes. Photometric watermarking, which is formed by "stealing" the fibers of this part during the papermaking process. As long as you hold any side of the banknote, you can clearly see the watermark and denomination of the individual patterns of the three banknote issuing banks. Digital high transparency watermark. Safety line There are two top-down metal security lines on the newly issued banknotes, one is the young metal line stored on the right side of the front of the banknote, and the other is the new window-opening multi-metal line added on the right side of the back of the banknote. Both metal wires clamp the thin metal wire in the middle of the paper during the papermaking process, so it can be clearly seen on both sides of the banknote, and the new window-opening metal wire anti-counterfeiting function is greater Increase, the so-called window-open design is that when the banknote is laid flat, the metal wire shows an intermittent effect, but when the back of the banknote is viewed in backlight, you will see an intact metal wire, this metal wire Is very difficult to forge, because it must be part of the metal material hidden in the paper during the papermaking process, and part of it is exposed to the surface of the paper, and the surface of the metal wire is printed with radium diesel wattles Pattern and denomination value. Anti-counterfeiting on printing As mentioned earlier in this article, the birth of a banknote is printed on the face through a variety of different printing methods. Chief Inspector Yu President said that macromolecules make more use of the characteristics of different printing methods to produce some effective in the printing process of banknotes Identify the counterfeit features of genuine and fake banknotes. Lithography A perspective mark was added to the newly issued banknotes. When viewed from the front, only a part of the pattern was seen. However, when the backlight was viewed, the pattern on both sides was exactly the same. This perspective mark is printed on both sides of the non-aqueous printing machine at the same time, so there is no slight deviation in the printed pattern, and it is difficult for ordinary printing machines or printers to print such precise patterns. Gravure printing In addition to making the ink layer of the banknote thicker to increase the texture of the banknote, so that we can counterfeit the banknote separately, the original thickness of the ink layer also created another anti-counterfeiting feature. The bold anti-counterfeiting feature is called invisible silver code / image It is formed by using the technique of gravure printing to control the thickness of the ink on the surface of the banknote. As long as the front of the banknote is placed flat and in line with the line of sight, it can be easily detected with a little movement, but because of this hidden silver code / image is in the third The banknotes of the issuing bank do not have a uniform position on the banknotes, so it is more difficult to identify. Anti-counterfeiting on ink Color-changing ink The newly designed banknotes use color-changing inks to print the denomination values ​​in the upper right or lower right corner of the banknotes (banknotes issued by the Hong Kong Standard Chartered Bank and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the color code is placed in the upper right corner; Bank of China (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd. (Lower right corner), this color-changing silver code will clearly show the gold and green colors when viewed from different angles. The effect of color change is obvious. It can be easily recognized by ordinary citizens or bank staff, and it is placed on the right side of the banknote uniformly The purpose of the top / bottom position is to make it easy for bank staff to detect the authenticity of the banknotes when they collect the banknotes. Chief Inspector Yu said that the use of color-changing inks to print the denomination of the denomination is the most reliable at present. The method of verifying counterfeit banknotes is very expensive, and the thickness of the ink layer will affect the degree of light refraction, and the effect of discoloration will also change accordingly, so it is not easy to forge. Fluorescent ink Another special material used for banknote printing is fluorescent ink. Using this ink to print fluorescent silver codes and banknote barcodes on banknotes, this can be regarded as an early anti-counterfeiting mark on banknotes, but according to President Yu According to the Inspector General, at present, fluorescent barcodes and silver codes have lost their anti-counterfeiting effect, because fluorescent inks and fluorescent toners can be easily found on the market, and gangsters can print fluorescent barcodes by purchasing these special materials. And silver codes, so the anti-counterfeiting effect is not strong. Instead, these fluorescent barcodes and silver codes now act as a mechanism for institutions to identify the banknote bank and denomination value data that the banknote belongs to, so they are still stored on the newly issued banknotes. Tips for identifying genuine and fake banknotes The basis for the general public to judge the authenticity of banknotes has always been to feel the texture of the banknotes, or take a look at the watermark on the banknotes, and further mostly use the ultraviolet light to take a picture to see the fluorescent silver code on the banknotes, but In addition to the advancement in technology and the increase in the “professional knowledge†of the gangsters, some of the anti-counterfeiting features on the banknotes have been able to be easily forged and imitated. In the end, how can ordinary citizens recognize genuine and fake banknotes in the absence of professional equipment? Chief Inspector Yu said that in fact they regularly work with representatives of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the three note-issuing banks and the printing bureau to discuss whether the current anti-counterfeit features of the banknotes in circulation are perfect, and whether they can add some new anti-counterfeiting technologies to improve anti-counterfeiting Effectiveness, to eliminate the possibility of counterfeit banknotes, and the addition of new anti-counterfeit features of banknotes, citizens can effectively identify the authenticity of banknotes from more aspects. (1) Color-changing silver code: The silver code printed with color-changing ink will show two colors of gold and green when viewed from different angles. Chief Inspector Yu President said that the color-changing silver code is the most reliable method for testing counterfeit banknotes One, but the public did not pay much attention to this new anti-counterfeiting feature. (2) High-transparency watermark: ordinary watermarks are more common to be forged, so the new banknote adds a high transparency to the original watermark, showing the denomination of the banknote. (3) Window-opening security line: When viewed from the front, it is an intermittent security line with a laser pattern printed on it, but when viewed in backlight, a complete security line is presented. (4) Perspective pattern: When you see a part of the image on the front, in the case of backlight, the patterns on both sides are exactly the same. (5) The paper is not reflective: when many people use ultraviolet light to detect, the focus will be on the fluorescent silver code in the center of the banknote, but the Inspector General Yu said that because the central fluorescent silver code is easier to imitate Therefore, it is not safe for citizens to recognize the authenticity of banknotes based on the image of fluorescent silver code. He suggested that if ultraviolet light is used to detect banknotes, it should be observed whether the paper is reflective than the fluorescent image. The accuracy rate is higher, because the general use In order to make writing more fluent, paper is coated with a layer of chemical materials in the general papermaking process. This layer of material will show strong reflection under the UV lamp, and the paper used to print banknotes, the coated material It is all-natural animal subcutaneous fat. The purpose is to prevent the ink from oozing out. Since the animal sebum does not show a reflective state, the paper used for real banknotes will not reflect under the ultraviolet light. Combating counterfeit banknotes From the observation of the number of counterfeit banknotes, there has been a rising trend in recent years. Chief Inspector Yu said that the increase in the number of counterfeit banknotes seized, in addition to doubling the number of counterfeit banknotes on behalf of criminals, on the other hand, it represents the police ’s fight against counterfeit banknotes. Has a significant effect. Chief Inspector General Yu believes that such achievements are mainly due to the fact that the public will generally deposit the remaining banknotes back to the bank to increase the opportunity for bank inspection, and the Commercial Crime Investigation Division of the Police Force-Counterfeit Banknotes and Forged Documents Section has also strengthened When contacting banks, as long as the bank staff finds that banknotes are suspected, they can be referred to the Commercial Crime Investigation Bureau for further testing, which can effectively combat the ratio of counterfeit banknotes circulating in the market. Number of counterfeit notes seized every year Advanced instruments for authenticity Experts in the Commercial Crime Investigation Section-Counterfeit Banknotes and Forged Documents Group of course do not only use visual inspection or "feel" to judge the authenticity of counterfeit banknotes. They will use various advanced instruments to detect all suspected counterfeit banknotes and take out the substance Evidence to prove their "identity". (1) Ultraviolet lamp: The ultraviolet lamp used by the police can adjust the wavelength to detect the fibers on the banknote. Chief Inspector Yu said that using this ultraviolet lamp, it can be seen that there are some Fluorescent fibers of different colors are scattered in different places. This anti-counterfeiting feature can only be seen with these advanced instruments, so it is difficult for ordinary people to perceive. (2) Magnifying glass: There are various magnifying glass in the laboratory for inspecting banknotes, and some of them can be connected to the fluorescent screen for careful study. Magnifying glass that can be connected to the display (3) Spectrometer: Spectrometer is equipped with a variety of different light, such as ultraviolet light, infrared light, etc. to detect watermark, ink wavelength, light refraction and other in-depth projects. Spectrometer with ultraviolet and infrared as test methods New anti-counterfeiting features on Hong Kong dollar hundred dollar bills Banknotes (1) The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation is the only note-issuing bank in Hong Kong that has issued one-dollar banknotes in 1872. (2) Sir Thomas Jackson, general manager of HSBC, is the first and only person in HSBC who can print portraits on banknotes. (3) In 1890, the New Jinshan China Huili Bank issued a banknote with a denomination of 25 yuan. (4) In 1977, HSBC first issued 1,000 yuan banknotes. (5) Bank of China issued bank notes for the first time in 1994 and signed them in Chinese style for the first time. (6) The smallest banknote in the world is a 10-bar denomination banknote issued by the Romanian government in 1917. It is only 1.49 inches long and 1.09 inches wide. Monetary Authority Information Center Under the approval of the Monetary Authority, there is an information center, which is divided into two parts: an exhibition hall and a library. The historical evolution of Hong Kong and the development of Hong Kong ’s currency and banking industry. The information center has been open for public or group visits since December 1, 2003. It is open from Monday to Friday from 10 am to 6 pm; Saturday from 10 am to 1 pm; closed on Sundays and public holidays. For details, please call (852) 28781111 Hong Kong Monetary Authority Information Center for enquiries or browse the following web pages: 1. 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List of Banknote Banks in Hong Kong over the years
In 1857, Renton, India, three Chinese banks (that is, favorable banks)
1859 India ’s New Jinshan China Banking Corporation (ie Standard Chartered Bank)
In 1865, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation began to issue notes. 1994
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The birth of a banknote
The lifespan of a banknote varies from 18 to 46 months, depending on its denomination, and a banknote that is broken, damaged, or contaminated will be recovered by the issuing bank and the relative dollar amount will be recovered from the Exchange Fund. Shred these broken banknotes (about 2mm × 2mm pieces) and transport them to the landfill.
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10. Regulatory compliance: Bagasse pulp containers meet food safety regulations and standards. They are FDA approved and do not contain any harmful chemicals or toxins that could leach into food or beverages.1. Environmentally friendly: Bagasse pulp containers are made from a renewable resource and are biodegradable. They do not contribute to the accumulation of plastic waste and can be composted, reducing the burden on landfills.
2. Sustainable production: Sugarcane is a fast-growing crop that requires minimal water and fertilizer compared to other crops. Using bagasse pulp containers helps promote sustainable agriculture practices.
3. Heat resistance: Bagasse pulp containers have excellent heat resistance properties. They can withstand high temperatures without deforming or releasing harmful chemicals, making them suitable for hot food and beverages.
4. Versatility: Bagasse pulp containers come in various shapes and sizes, making them suitable for a wide range of food and beverage applications. They can be used for takeaway containers, plates, bowls, cups, and more.
5. Insulation properties: Bagasse food container have natural insulation properties, helping to keep food and beverages hot or cold for longer periods. This feature is especially beneficial for takeaway or delivery services.
6. Sturdy and durable: Despite being lightweight, bagasse pulp containers are strong and durable. They can hold heavy or saucy foods without leaking or breaking, ensuring a reliable and secure packaging solution.
7. Microwavable and freezer-safe: Bagasse pulp containers are microwave and freezer-safe, making them convenient for reheating or storing leftovers.
8. Cost-effective: Bagasse pulp containers are cost-effective compared to other eco-friendly alternatives like compostable plastics. They are competitively priced and readily available in the market.
9. Positive brand image: Using bagasse pulp containers demonstrates a commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility. This can enhance a brand's reputation and attract eco-conscious customers.
10. Regulatory compliance: Bagasse pulp containers meet food safety regulations and standards. They are FDA approved and do not contain any harmful chemicals or toxins that could leach into food or beverages.