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1 The abuse of plastic packaging is thrown away and cause white pollution
At present, on both sides of the urban-rural fringe road, branches are covered with plastic bags and plastic films. Various abandoned plastic bags, fast food boxes and beverage bottles are found on the slopes, commercial streets, stations, wharfs, and farmers' markets around the railway. . According to the relevant information, China's total production of plastic products in 1995 was close to 7 million tons, of which 25% (1.7 million tons) was used for packaging, of which 500,000 tons were to be discarded as waste [5]. According to a sample survey of three cities in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai, plastic packaging bags are between 1 and 0.25 billion, with a daily average of 1 person per day; 1.5 to 220 million disposable snack boxes are available each year, and about 500,000 to 600,000 per day; agricultural film is used annually. About 6.75 million square meters and hundreds of millions of beverage bottles. Although the total weight of these varieties is 50,000 to 60,000 tons throughout the year, which is 7% to 10% of the total weight of municipal solid waste (garbage), but due to the large quantity, wide area, light weight, and low recycling value, most of them enter cities. The solid waste disposal system [6,7] is another part of the daily public throwing plastic waste that cannot be treated with the garbage disposal system to form plastic garbage, which affects the cityscape and constitutes the main source of white pollution. Due to the non-degradability of its plastic waste, arbitrarily discarded to the environment landscape, public health, urban facilities, and ecological balance all have different degrees of impact.
1.1 Poorly discarded or improperly disposed plastic packaging has an impact on the environmental landscape
Due to the light weight of such materials, it will be thrown away indiscriminately for the city and its author: Tianjin Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases (300204) brings mess to tourist attractions [6]. The plastic wraps scattered in the bustling streets and tourist holy lands and floating in the wind are not falling on roadside green areas or hanging high on the branches, causing troubles to the sanitation workers and making the beautiful scenery of the city awkward, and are not in keeping with the clean and tidy city. Therefore, the management of white pollution is an important aspect of maintaining a healthy city and establishing a clean and tidy image of the world’s major cities.
1.2 Waste plastic packaging is the breeding ground for mosquitoes and bacteria
[8] Residues on discarded plastic packaging, such as food waste from snack cartons and sugar in beverage bottles, provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes, mosquitoes and bacteria, especially in spring and summer, and some common microorganisms such as spores The genus Bacillus, Achromobacter, Xanthococcus, and Pneumococcus can be rapidly propagated in plastic packages piled up or scattered in cities. At the same time, they can also cause a large number of mosquitoes and flies to breed and endanger the public health and impact of the city. Environmental health. According to the surrounding monitoring of waste plastics such as waste plastics, the total number of bacteria in the airborne microorganisms can reach up to 8542 CFU/m2, and mosquitoes and flies can thrive. Therefore, white pollution should be eliminated for our living environment.
1.3 Discarding and stacking plastic packagings in a random manner will not only hinder the appearance of the city, but also cause damage to the urban facilities. In spring, Tianjin is a windy season. Plastic bags flying in the wind can be wound onto overhead power lines to cause short-circuit accidents. According to statistics from the electricity industry, in 1996, the city’s electricity supply network suffered no more than a dozen power outages, causing undue losses to industrial and agricultural production and people’s lives. 1.4 Arbitrary discarding and stacking of plastic packaging can result in the death of livestock and wildlife. In rural areas and in some nature reserves due to the accidental discarding of broken plastic wraps by livestock and wild animals, inadvertent eating or inadvertent incorporation of food can cause stomach or Intestinal obstruction, which affects digestive function, causes severe death. In urban zoos, accidents involving the death of large animals due to eating plastic products also frequently occur, making rare and rare wild animals dead and causing great losses to the country [5,7].
2 Environmental impact of disposal of waste plastic packaging materials
2.1 The disposal of waste plastics or solid waste by landfilling is a technology that is more suitable for China's national conditions and deals with plastic waste. However, since the plastic package itself is a polymer material, it is strong and durable, hard to degrade, and is decomposed biologically or slowly by sunlight. U.S. National Journal of Environment and Health
The journal has reported that hospital surgical catheters that have been buried for many years have not coagulated in the blood; the words and patterns can still be clearly seen in newspapers buried for more than 40 years[9]. This is because buried landfills are buried in compaction after covering the soil. Light, air, and microorganisms in the environment are difficult to decompose organic matter. Microorganisms can effectively decompose organic matter at temperatures of 32-35°C, air, and humidity. At the same time, because of excessive voids during landfilling, ground instability will occur. Some of the discarded food containers are mostly sticky and residual foods, and the foul odor generated after the residual food is corrupted will seriously pollute the environment.
2.2 Effect of waste plastic packaging on soil and crops
Mainly from the use of plastic greenhouses, plastic film. The agricultural film covering cultivation technology has developed rapidly since the introduction and brought about good economic benefits. At the same time, the disruption of the plastic film has brought great harm to the soil [10,11]. The agricultural film currently used in China is difficult to recycle, and it is difficult to decompose under natural conditions. Moreover, the development of film in China is becoming thinner and thinner, and the pulling force is small. After use, the film is easily broken after being aged, and if it is not cleaned in time, a large amount of residual film fragments are left. In the field, a barrier layer is formed on the soil, which reduces the ventilation and air permeability of the cultivated soil layer, degrades the cultivated land, and hinders the development of the root system and the absorption of water and nutrients. Beijing's agricultural environmental protection department had conducted manual simulations and large-scale investigations on the hazards of agricultural membranes to soil. It was concluded that the existing crops with shredded membranes generally have lower yield than non-shredded membranes, and the low range varies from crop to crop. Among them, rapeseed was 54.2% lower; Chinese cabbage was 9.8% lower; wheat lacked seedlings and ridges, and the total base number and particle weight were greatly reduced. It was also pointed out that the amount of residual debris in farmland was generally one-third of the amount used. If the mulching film is used for 5 consecutive years, the residual crushed film can reach 32kg per acre. In this kind of soil, the yield of wheat is generally reduced by 26% to 30%. The relevant experts called for: saving the soil and leaving fertile fields for future generations [12].
3 The impact of incineration disposal of waste plastic packaging on the environment
Solid waste incineration is the most fundamental solution to pollution, but there may be some technical problems that cannot be solved for the incineration of plastic products, which will constitute a new environmental pollution problem [13].
3.1 General plastics are organic polymers, mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other elements, and therefore have high heat generation characteristics. The heat output of a single piece of plastic is between 500 and 10,000 kcal per kilogram [14]. Excessively high temperatures make the incinerator easy to burn the furnace, and the molten plastic may also block the holes in the furnace. Since there is a certain upper limit on the maximum calorific value of the incinerator design, excessive heat will lead to fire resistance in the furnace. Melting of materials affects the service life and performance of incinerators.
3.2 There are two kinds of chemical reactions, ie thermal decomposition and combustion, of organic matter with different temperatures during the combustion process. Thermal decomposition can be divided into thermal decomposition and thermal-oxygen decomposition due to different conditions. Take the fast food box combustion as an example. When the temperature is lower than 80°C, the substance can be kept unchanged, and when the temperature rises to 280°C, heat generation begins. Decomposition, its molecular weight began to decline, and there are volatiles produced, including styrene units (44%), dimer (22%), three bodies and a small amount of toluene - ethylbenzene. Table 1 lists the decomposition of snack boxes at different temperatures: Table 1 Decomposition conditions of plastics at different temperatures Designation 425°C 525°C 625°C 725°C 825°C 1025°C 1125°C Styrene 64.367.574.483.973.762.964.3 Ethylbenzene-toluene Trace amounts Trace amounts of 0.92.55.65.8 benzene --- trace 8.113.413.0 acetylene --- trace 4.16.96.8 ethylene --- trace 4.16.96.8 residual 35.732.525.614.47.54.33.3 reported incineration of polyvinyl chloride and other chlorine-containing plastics In addition to producing some monomers and dimers, the process can also produce highly toxic and carcinogenic substances, such as hydrogen chloride and dioxins (TCDD) [14]. These organic monomers and some highly toxic substances have great effects on the human body. influences. 3.3 In addition, in the incineration process, different amounts of oxygen can also produce some toxic substances in the combustion products, especially in the case of insufficient oxygen supply, it will produce a large amount of carbon monoxide, causing hemoglobin in the human blood to become carbon monoxide heme, so that The blood loses its oxygen-carrying function. Natural and synthetic materials have been subjected to a combustion test, and complete combustion products have been used as animal experiments to observe the survival rate of rats as an assessment of the toxicity of combustion products. The results are shown in Table 2 [14]. It can be seen from Table 2 that the combustion products of PS have the least influence on mice, and some plastic combustion products, besides carbon monoxide, still have enough products to kill the mice. Table 2 Effects of different combustion products on animals Material animal deaths (only) Average CO-Hb concentration in blood Yangge 538.7FR Composite board 548.4 PVC521.2PV524.3PS023.9 ​​In addition, some toxic metals of plastic coloring pigments are burned Into the environment during the process to cause pollution.
4 Conclusion
In summary, in the increasingly developed industrialized countries, the relationship between plastic packaging and people's daily lives is getting closer and closer, and it has already caused certain damage to the environment. Select new types of plastic materials, including photodegradation, biodegradation, and other degradable composite materials [15,16], and select various designs and recycling methods to solve white pollution according to the principle of reduction, recycling, and harmlessness. problem. According to this principle, we must combine the national conditions of our country, take recycling as the main factor, substitute as the supplement, treat differently, and treat the environment comprehensively and rationally, so that white pollution can be overcome in the short term, protect our beautiful environment, and benefit future generations.
Author/Wang Yanrang Wang Qian
Environmental Impact Analysis of Plastic Packages
Plastic products have been seen everywhere in our daily lives, and have entered large numbers of industries and tens of thousands of households, which have brought profound influence on many aspects of our lives. However, due to plastic products, plastic packages, especially those related to daily life, bring a series of environmental problems[1]. "White pollution" has become a well-known plastic packaging pollution of the environment synonymous [2]. Therefore, since the late 1980s, countries around the world have attached great importance to plastic packaging and environmental issues [3]. At present, the current situation of the use and disposal of plastic packaging constitutes the following major problems: the abuse of plastic packaging, the white pollution caused by discarding everywhere, the hazards of stacking and crushing residues in the soil environment, and the incineration treatment, which easily discharges waste and causes secondary pollution to the atmosphere. Pollution [4]. The analysis of their respective impacts on the environment is carried out one by one to clarify the degree of pollution and the probability of occurrence so as to attract the attention of relevant parties.