A centrifuge is a machine that uses centrifugal force to separate liquid and solid particles or components of a mixture of liquid and liquid. The centrifuge is mainly used to separate the solid particles in the suspension from the liquid, or separate the two liquids of different density and incompatible liquid in the emulsion (for example, separating the cream from the milk); it can also be used to exclude Liquid in wet solids, such as wet clothes in a washing machine; special ultra-speed tubular separators can also separate gas mixtures of different densities; use different density or granularity of solid particles to set different velocity in liquid, some sedimentation Centrifuges can also classify solid particles by density or particle size. Centrifuges are widely used in chemical, petroleum, food, pharmaceutical, mineral processing, coal, water treatment and shipbuilding sectors. In ancient China, people used one end of a rope to hold a clay pot, and held the other end of the rope, rotating the pottery jar, and generating centrifugal force to squeeze out the honey in the pot. This is the early application of the centrifugal separation principle. Industrial centrifuges were born in Europe. For example, in the middle of the 19th century, there were three-legged centrifuges for textile dehydration and top-suspension centrifuges for separating crystal sugar from sugar factories. These earliest centrifuges were batch operated and manually drained. Due to the improvement of the slag discharge mechanism, a continuously operating centrifuge appeared in the 1930s, and the intermittent operation of the centrifuge was also developed due to the realization of automatic control. Industrial centrifuges can be divided into three types: filtration centrifuge, sedimentation centrifuge and separator according to structure and separation requirements. The centrifuge has a cylinder that rotates at a high speed about its own axis, called a drum, which is usually driven by an electric motor. After the suspension (or emulsion) is added to the drum, it is rapidly driven to rotate at the same speed as the drum, and the components are separated under the action of centrifugal force and discharged separately. Generally, the higher the drum speed, the better the separation. The centrifugal separator has two working principles: centrifugal filtration and centrifugal sedimentation. Centrifugal filtration is the centrifugal pressure generated by the suspension under the centrifugal force field, acting on the filter medium, causing the liquid to pass through the filter medium to become the filtrate, and the solid particles are trapped on the surface of the filter medium to achieve liquid-solid separation; centrifugal sedimentation is utilized The principle of rapid sedimentation and stratification of the components with different densities (or emulsions) in the centrifugal force field enables liquid-solid (or liquid-liquid) separation. There is also a type of separator for experimental analysis that can perform liquid clarification and solid particle enrichment, or liquid-liquid separation. These separators have different structural types operating under atmospheric pressure, vacuum, and freezing conditions. An important indicator for measuring the separation performance of a centrifuge is the separation factor. It represents the ratio of the centrifugal force to the gravity of the separated material in the drum. The larger the separation factor, the faster the separation is usually and the better the separation effect. The separation factor of the industrial centrifugal separator is generally 100 to 20000, the separation factor of the super-speed tubular separator can be as high as 62000, and the separation factor of the analytical super-speed separator is up to 610000. Another factor that determines the processing capacity of the centrifuge is the working area of ​​the drum, which is also large in processing area. The centrifuge should be selected according to the size and concentration of solid particles in the suspension (or emulsion), the density difference between solid and liquid (or two liquids), the viscosity of the liquid, the characteristics of the filter residue (or sediment), and the requirements for separation. A comprehensive analysis was carried out to meet the requirements for the moisture content of the filter residue (sludge) and the clarity of the filtrate (separation liquid), and which type of centrifugal separator was initially selected. Then according to the amount of processing and the automation requirements for the operation, determine the type and specifications of the centrifuge, and finally verify by the actual test. Generally, for suspensions containing particles larger than 0.01 mm in size, a filter centrifuge can be used; for fine or compressible deformation of the suspension, a sedimentation centrifuge should be used; for the suspension, the solid content is low, the particles are small and When the liquid clarity is high, the separator should be used. Centrifuge price The difference between the domestic centrifuge and the imported centrifuge is not very large. At present, the core technology of the centrifuge has been supported in China. The price difference between centrifuges of the same grade is not very large, mainly in terms of performance and configuration. The difference between the mainframes is that in terms of performance, centrifuges with refrigeration are much more expensive than ordinary ones, and some centrifuges also have heating functions. The more the order, the higher the price of the centrifuge. The big difference is the configuration aspect, and sometimes the price of the attachment is often higher than the price of the host. When purchasing Note that in addition to the main unit, the selected rotor (quantity and type), plus the necessary centrifuge tubes, sleeves, special centrifuge bottles or blood bags, All of this adds up to the price of a complete centrifuge. Principle of centrifugation When the suspension containing fine particles is left stationary, the suspended particles gradually sink due to the action of the gravitational field. The heavier the particles, the faster the sinking, whereas the particles with a lower density than the liquid will float. The rate at which particles move under the gravitational field is related to the size, morphology, and density of the particles, and is related to the strength of the gravitational field and the viscosity of the liquid. Particles of the size of red blood cells, a few micrometers in diameter, can be observed under normal gravity. In addition, the substance is accompanied by a diffusion phenomenon when it settles in the medium. Diffusion is unconditional and absolute. The diffusion is inversely proportional to the mass of the material, and the smaller the particle, the more severe the diffusion. The settlement is relative, and if it is conditional, it must be subjected to external forces to move. The settlement is proportional to the weight of the object, and the larger the particle, the faster the sedimentation. For particles smaller than a few micrometers such as viruses or proteins, they are in a colloidal or semi-colloidal state in solution, and it is impossible to observe the sedimentation process by gravity alone. The smaller the particles, the slower the sedimentation, and the more severe the diffusion phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to use a centrifugal machine to generate a strong centrifugal force in order to force these particles to overcome the diffusion to produce a settling motion. Centrifugation is the use of the powerful centrifugal force generated by the high-speed rotation of the centrifuge rotor to accelerate the sedimentation velocity of the particles in the liquid, and separate the sedimentation coefficient and the buoyant density of the sample. Centrifuges can be divided into the following types: 1, gap centrifuge The processes of feeding, separating, washing and unloading slag are all gap operations, and manual, gravity or mechanical methods are used to remove slag, such as three-legged and upper-suspension centrifuges. 2, continuous centrifuge The processes of feeding, separating, washing and unloading slag are carried out automatically and continuously. 3, geotechnical centrifuge Third, according to the method of unloading slag The centrifuge can be divided into the following types: 1, scraper discharge centrifuge The process is indirect and the operation is automatic. 2, piston pusher centrifuge The process is semi-continuous and the operation is automatic. 3, screw discharge centrifuge The process is continuous and the operation is automatic. 4, centrifugal force discharge centrifuge The process is continuous and the operation is automatic. 5, vibration discharge centrifuge The process is continuous and the operation is automatic. 6, the unloading centrifuge The process is continuous and the operation is automatic. Fourth, according to the purpose of the process Centrifuges can be divided into: filter centrifuges, decanter centrifuges. Fifth, according to the way of installation It can also be divided into vertical, horizontal, inclined, overhang and three-legged. 6. According to national standards and market share For the following four 1. Three-legged centrifuge 2. Horizontal screw centrifuge 3. Disc separator 4. Tubular separator How to choose There are many types and types of centrifuges, and the price is relatively expensive. When purchasing, it should be measured according to the work. Usually should consider the following factors: (1) The purpose of centrifugation, analysis of centrifugation or preparation of centrifugation; (2) The type and quantity of the sample, whether it is a cell, a virus, or a protein, the amount of the sample. Based on these factors, decide whether to purchase an analytical centrifuge or a centrifuge; whether it is low speed, high speed or overspeed; whether it is a large capacity, a constant or a small amount of centrifuge. (3) Economic ability: When the model is determined, the manufacturer and price should be considered, and the performance of the price and product is synchronized. (4) Other details: such as whether the centrifugal operation is simple, whether the maintenance is convenient, whether the design is outdated, and whether the wearing of the consumables is convenient. (5) Matching problem: It is impossible for a centrifuge to operate at low speed, high speed and over speed at the same time. Generally speaking, the ultracentrifuge is limited to ultracentrifugation. It is not suitable for high speed centrifugation and is not suitable for low speed centrifugation. The same high speed centrifuge is not suitable for low speed centrifugation. Therefore, if you want to buy a supercentrifuge, you should consider a high-speed centrifuge, otherwise you will not be able to play an advantage. Generally speaking, the use of low speed and high speed is relatively high, and the utilization rate of the ultracentrifuge is low. The ultracentrifuge is only used in the laboratory for frequent purchase or considering regional common settings. After the model of the centrifuge is determined, what kind of centrifugal rotor is purchased. The most important basis for consideration is the capacity of the sample and the conditions of centrifugation. Usually there is one horizontal rotor and one corner rotor, or one large capacity (relatively lower speed) rotor and one small capacity high speed rotor can meet different needs in the work. Because there are many types of centrifugal rotors, many are similar, and the speed of the overspeed machine is quite expensive. It is not necessary if the price is all several times higher than the centrifuge mainframe. Due to the different prices of the rotor speed, the price difference is very large. From the speed of rotation, it is not advisable to pursue the higher the better, but there should be a rotor with the highest speed allowed by the centrifuge, otherwise it is a waste for the centrifuge. Units with two centrifuges can be considered to save money by considering the complementary rotor models. Centrifuge management, from the use of centrifuges in many years in China, all types of centrifuges should be managed and maintained by special personnel. High and ultra-speed centrifuges require regular inspection and maintenance. Users should record the experimental status and maintenance conditions in detail to ensure the safe use of the centrifuge. High and low speed centrifuges can be used by themselves after reading the instructions and training the centrifuge operating procedures. The structure of the ultracentrifuge is complicated, the working procedure is also cumbersome, and the accident is easy to occur, and the centrifugal head should be carefully maintained and used. From the perspective of domestic use and management for many years, the storage and operation of special personnel is the guarantee that the instrument is in good condition. Management and operation personnel should be trained so that they are not only familiar with the operation, but also should understand the instrument. History development In ancient China, people used one end of a rope to hold a clay pot, and held the other end of the rope, rotating the pottery jar, and generating centrifugal force to squeeze out the honey in the pot. This is the early application of the centrifugal separation principle. Industrial centrifuges were born in Europe. For example, in the middle of the 19th century, there were three-legged centrifuges for textile dehydration and top-suspension centrifuges for separating crystal sugar from sugar factories. These earliest centrifuges were batch operated and manually drained. Due to the improvement of the slag discharge mechanism, a continuously operating centrifuge appeared in the 1930s, and the intermittent operation of the centrifuge was also developed due to the realization of automatic control. Industrial centrifuges can be divided into three types: filtration centrifuge, sedimentation centrifuge and separator according to structure and separation requirements. The centrifuge has a cylinder that rotates at a high speed about its own axis, called a drum, which is usually driven by an electric motor. After the suspension (or emulsion) is added to the drum, it is rapidly driven to rotate at the same speed as the drum, and the components are separated under the action of centrifugal force and discharged separately. Generally, the higher the drum speed, the better the separation. The centrifugal separator has two working principles: centrifugal filtration and centrifugal sedimentation. Centrifugal filtration is the centrifugal pressure generated by the suspension under the centrifugal force field, acting on the filter medium, causing the liquid to pass through the filter medium to become the filtrate, and the solid particles are trapped on the surface of the filter medium to achieve liquid-solid separation; centrifugal sedimentation is utilized The principle of rapid sedimentation and stratification of the components with different densities (or emulsions) in the centrifugal force field enables liquid-solid (or liquid-liquid) separation. There is also a type of separator for experimental analysis that can perform liquid clarification and solid particle enrichment, or liquid-liquid separation. These separators have different structural types operating under atmospheric pressure, vacuum, and freezing conditions. An important indicator for measuring the separation performance of a centrifuge is the separation factor. It represents the ratio of the centrifugal force to the gravity of the separated material in the drum. The larger the separation factor, the faster the separation is usually and the better the separation effect. The separation factor of the industrial centrifugal separator is generally 100 to 20000, the separation factor of the super-speed tubular separator can be as high as 62000, and the separation factor of the analytical super-speed separator is up to 610000. Another factor that determines the processing capacity of the centrifuge is the working area of ​​the drum, which is also large in processing area. The filter centrifuge and the sedimentation centrifuge mainly rely on increasing the diameter of the drum to enlarge the working surface on the circumference of the drum; in addition to the circumferential wall of the drum, the separator has additional working surfaces, such as discs and chambers of the disc separator. The inner cylinder of the separator significantly increases the settlement working surface. In addition, the more difficult it is to separate the solid particles in the suspension, the fine particles carried away in the filtrate or the separation liquid will increase. In this case, the centrifugal separator needs a higher separation factor to effectively separate the suspension; When the viscosity of the liquid is large, the separation speed is slowed down; the difference in density of the components of the suspension or the emulsion is large, which is advantageous for centrifugal sedimentation, and the centrifugal filtration of the suspension does not require density difference of each component. The centrifuge should be selected according to the size and concentration of solid particles in the suspension (or emulsion), the difference in density between solid and liquid (or two liquids), the viscosity of the liquid, the characteristics of the filter residue (or sediment), and the requirements for separation. The comprehensive analysis is carried out to meet the requirements for the moisture content of the filter residue (sludge) and the clarity of the filtrate (separation liquid), and which type of centrifugal separator is initially selected. Then according to the amount of processing and the automation requirements for the operation, determine the type and specifications of the centrifuge, and finally verify by the actual test. Generally, for suspensions containing particles larger than 0.01 mm in size, a filter centrifuge can be used; for fine or compressible deformation of the suspension, a sedimentation centrifuge should be used; for the suspension, the solid content is low, the particles are small and When the liquid clarity is high, a separator should be used. The future development trend of centrifugal separators will be to strengthen separation performance, develop large centrifugal separators, improve slag discharge mechanism, increase dedicated and combined drum centrifuges, strengthen separation theory research and study centrifugal separation process optimization control technology. The enhanced separation performance includes increasing the rotation speed of the drum; adding a new driving force during the centrifugal separation process; speeding up the slag pushing speed; increasing the length of the rotating drum to prolong the time of centrifugal sedimentation separation. The development of large-scale centrifugal separators, mainly to increase the diameter of the drum and the use of double-sided drums to improve the processing capacity, so that the equipment investment, energy consumption and maintenance costs of processing unit volume of materials are reduced. In theoretical research, the main research is on the fluid flow condition and the formation mechanism of filter residue in the drum, and the calculation method of minimum resolution and processing capacity is studied. Centrifuge related industry standards GB/T 10901-2005 Centrifuge performance test method GB 19815-2005 Centrifuge safety requirements GB 6065-1985 TZ vertical vibrating centrifuge GB 12258-1990 medical low speed centrifuge JB/T 3263-2000 Horizontal Vibrating Centrifuge JB/T 4064-2005 Overhang centrifuge JB/T 5519-1991 high speed refrigerated centrifuge JB/T 6118-1992 TCL sedimentation filter centrifuge QB/T 1754-1993 Paper Machine Vertical Centrifuge JB/T 53190-1999 three-legged centrifuge product quality grading JB 447-1985 Horizontal piston pusher centrifuge technical conditions JB/T 502-2004 Screw Discharge Settling Centrifuge JB/T 5284-1991 Explosion-proof scraper discharge centrifuge The company's main stainless steel water collector, tank bottom weld vacuum test box, reading instrument, eight-stage air microbial sampler, relay comprehensive tester, dual-wavelength scanner, coating thickness gauge, soil mill, tempered glass surface Flatness tester, sound sensor, portable electric water level gauge, network mouth flow meter, corrosion rate meter, portable scratch tester, freezing point tester, water quality tester, online ammonia tester, coating thickness gauge, coating Thickness gauge, soil pulverizer, digital thermometer, gas sampling pump, ceramic impact tester, automatic crystallization point tester, drug freezing point tester, reed switch tester, constant temperature water bath, gasoline root turn, gas Sampling pump, tempered glass tester, water quality tester, PM2.5 tester, inhalable particulate matter detector, high frequency heat sealing machine, strain control triaxial instrument, milk somatic cell detector, helium gas concentration detector, soil moisture conductance Rate tester, field strength meter, collection box, color ratio tester, capillary water absorption time measuring instrument, redox potentiometer vibrometer, carbon monoxide carbon dioxide detection , CO2 analyzer, oscillopolarograph, slime content tester, car starter power supply, automatic potentiometric titrator, portable thermometer, zirconia analyzer, reed switch tester, precision conductivity meter, TOC water quality analysis Instrument, microcomputer plasticity tester, wind direction station, automatic spotting instrument, soil oxidation reduction potentiometer, digital thermometer, portable total phosphorus tester, corrosion rate meter, constant temperature water bath, residual chlorine detector, free expansion rate meter , centrifuge cup, concrete saturated vapor pressure device, particle strength tester, Gauss meter, automatic film coating machine, safety valve grinding tool, weather station, kinesthetic orientation instrument, dark adaptation instrument, smell collector, rain gauge, four in one Gas analyzer, emulsion concentration meter, dissolved oxygen meter, temperature measuring instrument, thin layer planking device, temperature recorder, aging meter, noise detector, constant temperature and humidity chamber, split resistivity tester, initial viscosity and holding viscosity Tester, infrared carbon dioxide analyzer, hydrogen lamp, kinesthetic orientation instrument, constant temperature animal operating table, cooling fan, grease acid value detector, viscosity meter, colony counter, Weather station, rain gauge, Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer, fluorescent whitening agent, the company adhering to the "customer first, forge ahead" business philosophy, adhere to the "customer first" principle to provide our clients with quality services. 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